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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Детская хирургия</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1560-9510</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-0677</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">299</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18821/1560-9510-2021-25-3-186-191</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Rectal prolapse in children. Causes, diagnostics, treatment (a literature review)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Выпадение прямой кишки у детей. Причины, диагностика, лечение</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7206-5987</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pimenova</surname><given-names>E. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пименова</surname><given-names>Е. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Eugeniya S. Pimenova, MD, associate professor at department of pediatric surgery and urology-andrology </p><p>Moscow, 119991</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Пименова Евгения Сергеевна, доцент кафедры детской хирургии и урологии-андрологии им. Л.П. Александрова</p><p>119991, Москва</p></bio><email>evgeniyapimenova@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5730-3684</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Korolev</surname><given-names>G. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Королев</surname><given-names>Г. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Moscow, 119991</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>119991, Москва</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Первый московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации (Сеченовский Университет)»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-07-20" publication-format="electronic"><day>20</day><month>07</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>186</fpage><lpage>191</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-07-19"><day>19</day><month>07</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2021-07-19"><day>19</day><month>07</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2022-07-19"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://jps-nmp.ru/jour/article/view/299">https://jps-nmp.ru/jour/article/view/299</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction.</bold> Rectal prolapse is evagination of the rectal wall outside the anal opening. It can be full-thickness, partial thickness or mucosal. Rectal prolapse is most often met in children from 1 to 4 years of age. This is due to their anatomical features: vertical position of the rectum (open anorectal angle), mobile sigmoid colon, increased mobility of the rectal mucous. Chronic constipation plays an important role in evagination as well as infection, parasitic diseases and cystic fibrosis.</p><p><bold>Material and methods.</bold> Literature searches were done in Scopus, PubMed, Google Scolar and eLibrary databases.</p><p><bold>Results.</bold> Diagnostics includes disease history and physical examination. It is important to differentiate rectal prolapse from hemorrhoids and prolapsing rectal polyps. Photos taken by parents at the moment of prolapse can benefit in making a rapid and correct diagnosis as at the moment of examination the prolapse has very often been corrected. Currently, there are three basic approaches for rectal prolapse care: conservative, sclerotherapy and surgical. The conservative treatment is aimed to reduce the prolapse and to treat the basic disease. Sclerotherapy is the injection of the preparation which causes local inflammation and fibrosis. The injection is made into the pararectal space. If the conservative treatment is ineffective and the patient suffers of frequent prolapses, strangulation, mucous bleedings, than surgical treatment may be indicated for children older than 4.</p><p><bold>Conclusion.</bold> The meta-analysis, performed recently, has demonstrated that conservative treatment is recommended for children before 4 because spontaneous prolapse correction is often seen in this age group. 70% ethyl alcohol is very effective as the sclerosant. Surgical interventions in case of the rectal prolapse are various; open and laparoscopic rectopexy is considered the most effective one. In some cases, rectum fixation with mesh is indicated. Currently, there is no any technique for rectal prolapse treatment which could guarantee no recurrences. Curative tactics is always individual.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение.</bold> Выпадение прямой кишки – эвагинация слизистой оболочки или всех слоев прямой кишки через анус. Выделяют полную и частичную формы. У детей чаще встречается в возрасте от одного до четырех лет. Основными предпосылками к развитию заболевания у детей являются возрастные особенности: вертикальное расположение прямой кишки (открытый аноректальный угол), подвижность сигмовидной кишки, повышенная подвижность слизистой оболочки. Важное значение в развитии выпадения отводится хроническому запору. Также играют роль инфекционные, паразитарные заболевания, муковисцидоз.</p><p><bold>Материал и методы.</bold> Поиск литературы проводился с использованием баз данных Scopus, PubMed, GoogleScolar и eLibrary.</p><p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Диагностика основана на сборе анамнеза и клиническом осмотре. Необходимо дифференцировать заболевание от геморроя и выпадения полипа прямой кишки. Фотографии, выполненные родителями, фиксирующие эпизод выпадения, могут помочь педиатру или детскому хирургу в быстрой постановке диагноза, так как на момент осмотра выпадение нередко купируется. В настоящее время существуют три основных метода лечения выпадения прямой кишки: консервативный, склерозирующий и хирургический. Консервативная коррекция включает вправление прямой кишки и лечение основного заболевания. Метод склерозирования основан на введении в параректальное пространство вещества, вызывающего локальное воспаление и фиброз. При неэффективности консервативного лечения, увеличении частоты эпизодов выпадения, ущемлении, кровоточивости слизистой оболочки и достижении возраста четырех лет пациенту может быть показано хирургическое лечение.</p><p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Согласно метаанализу последних лет у детей с ВПК младше четырех лет рекомендована консервативная терапия, учитывая высокую частоту самопроизвольного купирования симптомов. В качестве склерозанта наибольшую эффективность показал 70% этиловый спирт. Операции при выпадении прямой кишки разнообразны, наиболее эффективными признаны открытая и лапароскопическая ректопексия, в некоторых случаях показана фиксация прямой кишки с помощью сетки. В настоящее время ни один метод лечения не исключает риск развития рецидива, выбор тактики лечения выпадения прямой кишки индивидуален.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>rectal prolapse</kwd><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>review</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>выпадение прямой кишки</kwd><kwd>ректальный пролапс</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>обзор</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1. Cares K., El-Baba M. Rectal Prolapse in Children: Significance and Management. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2016 May; 18(5): 22. doi: 10.1007/s11894-016-0496-y</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>2. Laituri C.A., Garey C.L., Fraser J.D., et al. 15-Year experience in the treatment of rectal prolapse in children. J Pediatr Surg. 2010 Aug; 45(8): 1607-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2010.01.012</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>3. 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