<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Детская хирургия</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1560-9510</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-0677</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">561</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.55308/1560-9510-2022-26-5-261-266</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The pedicle width predicts an accurate screw insertion</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Ширина корня дуги позвонка как предиктор успешной транспедикулярной имплантации у детей</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9505-222X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kosulin</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Косулин</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Artem V. Kosulin - assistant professor, department of operative surgery and topographic n.a. F.I. Valker, Saint-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University.</p><p>194100, Saint-Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Косулин Артем Владимирович - ассистент кафедры оперативной хирургии и топографической анатомии им. профессора Ф.И. Валькера.</p><p>194100, Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><email>hackenlad@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6575-7464</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Elyakin</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Елякин</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>194100, Saint-Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>194100, Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8635-1666</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kornievskiy</surname><given-names>L. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Корниевский</surname><given-names>Л. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>194100, Saint-Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>194100, Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1358-4725</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Malekov</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малеков</surname><given-names>Д. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>194100, Saint-Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>194100, Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1515-3523</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vasil'eva</surname><given-names>A. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Васильева</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>194100, Saint-Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>194100, Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5311-1802</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bagaturiya</surname><given-names>G. O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Багатурия</surname><given-names>Г. О.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>194100, Saint-Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>194100, Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1769-7284</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Terekhina</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Терехина</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>194100, Saint-Petersburg</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>194100, Санкт-Петербург</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-12-07" publication-format="electronic"><day>07</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>26</volume><issue>5</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>261</fpage><lpage>266</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-07-07"><day>07</day><month>07</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-12-07"><day>07</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2023-11-25"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://jps-nmp.ru/jour/article/view/561">https://jps-nmp.ru/jour/article/view/561</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Introduction</bold>. Correlation between pedicle screw malposition and small values of pedicle morphometric parameters has been confirmed in numerous studies. Definition of critical pedicle size for screw insertion is an actual problem for pediatric spinal surgery.</p><p><bold>Material and methods</bold>. 29 patients, aged 3-17, with congenital or acquired spinal deformities were included in the study. All the patients had posterior surgery with pedicle screw implantation. All the screws were inserted by free hand technique. On preoperative CT, external pedicle width, internal pedicle width, and spongiosa proportion were measured. On postoperative CT, pedicle screw accuracy was evaluated. The binomial logistic regression was used to define dependence of pedicle screw accuracy on pedicle morphometric parameter values. ROC-curves were graphed, and AUC were calculated.</p><p><bold>Results</bold>. 233 pedicle screws were implanted to 29 patients by free hand technique. On postoperative CT, 191 (82%) screws were confirmed to be accurately inserted. The logistic model confirmed significance of all the examined morphometric parameters (p&lt;0.001). The external pedicle width possessed the maximal predictive value. Statistical indices for the prognostic model (sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy) were calculated for pedicle width 3.5; 6.0; 7.5 mm.</p><p>In the cut-off value of external pedicle width 3.5 mm, probability of accurate screw insertion is about 50%; this technique has been highly sensitive and maximally accurate. This morphometric feature is a technical limit of free hand pedicle screw insertion. Recommendations for selecting an implantation technique in different pedicle width are proposed.</p><p><bold>Conclusion</bold>. The external pedicle width 3.5 mm is a critical one for pedicle screw insertion by the free hand technique.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Введение</bold>. В ряде исследований констатирована связь мальпозиции транспедикулярных винтов с малыми значениями тех или иных морфометрических параметров корня дуги. Определение критических для имплантации размерных характеристик является актуальной проблемой.</p><p><bold>Материал и методы</bold>. В исследование включены 29 пациентов в возрасте 3-17 лет с врожденными и приобретенными деформациями позвоночника, которым выполнялась задняя инструментальная фиксация с установкой транспедикулярных винтов в грудные и поясничные позвонки без использования навигационного оборудования (методика free hand). На предоперационной компьютерной томографии в аксиальной плоскости производились измерения наружной ширины корня дуги, внутренней ширины корня дуги, вычислялась доля спонгиозного вещества. На послеоперационных томограммах выполнялась оценка корректности стояния транспедикулярных винтов. Для определения зависимости вероятности корректной имплантации от морфометрических параметров корня дуги применялась бинарная логистическая регрессия с построением ROC-кривых и вычислением AUC (Area under Curve).</p><p><bold>Результаты</bold>. По методике free hand 29 пациентам было установлено 233 транспедикулярных винта. При послеоперационном обследовании было подтверждено корректное стояние 191 (82%) винта. При построении логистической модели каждый морфометрический параметр оказался значимым (p &lt; 0,001). Наружная ширина корня дуги обладала наибольшим предиктивным значением. Статистические показатели прогностической модели были определены для значений ширины корня дуги 3,5; 6,0; 7,5 мм.</p><p>При пороговой величине наружной ширины корня дуги 3,5 мм вероятность корректной имплантации близка к 50%, метод высокочувствителен, общая точность максимальна. Данная морфометрическая характеристика представляет собой технический предел неассистированной имплантации. Предложены рекомендации по выбору техники установки винтов в зависимости от ширины корня дуги.</p><p><bold>Заключение</bold>. Наружная ширина корня дуги позвонка 3,5 мм является критическим параметром для имплантации по методике free hand.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>pedicle screw insertion</kwd><kwd>malposition</kwd><kwd>vertebral pedicle</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>транспедикулярная фиксаци</kwd><kwd>мальпозиции</kwd><kwd>корень дуги позвонка</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1.	Raasck K., Khoury J., Aoude A., et al. The Effect of Thoracolumbar Pedicle Isthmus on Pedicle Screw Accuracy. Global Spine J. 2020; 10(4): 393-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/2192568219850143</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>2.	Gonzalvo A., Fitt G., Liew S., et al. Correlation between pedicle size and the rate of pedicle screw misplacement in the treatment of thoracic fractures: Can we predict how difficult the task will be? Br J Neurosurg. 2015; 29(4): 508-12. https://doi.org/10.3109/02688697.2015.1019414</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>3.	Marks D.S., Qaimkhani S.A. The natural history of congenital scoliosis and kyphosis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009; 34(17): 1751-5. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181af1caf</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>4.	Aoude A.A., Fortin M., Figueiredo R., et al. Methods to determine pedicle screw placement accuracy in spine surgery: a systematic review. Eur Spine J. 2015; 24(5): 990-1004. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-015-3853-x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>5.	Perdomo-Pantoja A., Ishida W., Zygourakis C., et al. Accuracy of Current Techniques for Placement of Pedicle Screws in the Spine: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 51,161 Screws. World Neurosurg. 2019; 126: 664-678.e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2019.02.217</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>6.	Amaral T.D., Hasan S., Galina J., et al. Screw Malposition: Are There Longterm Repercussions to Malposition of Pedicle Screws? J Pediatr Orthop. 2021; 41(Suppl 1): S80-6. https://doi.org/1097/BPO.0000000000001828</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>7.	Delank K.S., Delank H.W., Konig D.P., et al. Iatrogenic paraplegia in spinal surgery. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2005; 125(1): 33-41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-004-0763-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>8.	Leroy A., Kabbaj R., Dubory A., et al. The Indian Basket Trick: a case of delayed paraplegia with complete recovery, caused by misplaced thoracic pedicle screw. Springerplus. 2016; 5(1): 944. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2334-y</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>9.	Mac-Thiong J.M., Parent S., Poitras B., et al. Neurological outcome and management of pedicle screws misplaced totally within the spinal canal. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2013; 38(3): 229-37. https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e31826980a9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>10.	Kakkos S.K., Shepard A.D. Delayed presentation of aortic injury by pedicle screws: report of two cases and review of the literature. J Vasc Surg. 2008; 47(5): 1074-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2007.11.005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>11.	Wegener B., Birkenmaier C., Fottner A., et al. Delayed perforation of the aorta by a thoracic pedicle screw. Eur Spine J. 2008; 17(Suppl. 2): 351-4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-008-0715-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>12.	Koktekir E., Ceylan D., Tatarli N., et al. Accuracy of fluoroscopically-assisted pedicle screw placement: analysis of 1,218 screws in 198 patients. Spine J. 2014; 14(8): 1702-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2014.03.044</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>13.	Виссарионов С.В., Шредер Дж.Е., Новиков С.Н., Кокушин Д.Н., Белянчиков С.М., Каплан Л. Применение трехмерной навигации в хирургическом лечении детей с идиопатическим сколиозом. Хирургия позвоночника. 2015; 12(1): 14-20. https://doi.org/10.14531/ss2015.1.14-20.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>14.	Rivkin M.A, Yocom S.S. Thoracolumbar instrumentation with CT-guided navigation (O-arm) in 270 consecutive patients: accuracy rates and lessons learned. Neurosurg Focus. 2014; 36(3): E7. https://doi.org/10.3171/2014.1.FOCUS13499</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>15.	Chen H.Y., Xiao X.Y., Chen C.W., et al. A Spine Robotic-Assisted Navigation System for Pedicle Screw Placement. J Vis Exp. 2020: 159. https://doi.org/10.3791/60924</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>16.	Wilcox B., Mobbs R.J., Wu A.M., et al. Systematic review of 3D printing in spinal surgery: the current state of play. J Spine Surg. 2017; 3(3): 433-43. https://doi.org/10.21037/jss.2017.09.01</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>17.	Косулин А.В., Елякин Д.В., Лебедева К.Д., Сухомлинова А.Е., Козлова Е.А., Орехова А.Е. Применение навигационного шаблона для прохождения ножки позвонка при транспедикулярной фиксации. Педиатр. 2019; 10(3): 45-50. https://doi.org/10.17816/PED10345-50</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>18.	Liang W., Han B., Hai J.J., et al. 3D-printed drill guide template, a promising tool to improve pedicle screw placement accuracy in spinal deformity surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Spine J. 2021; 30(5): 1173-83. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-021-06739-x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>19.	Bratschitsch G., Leitner L., Stucklschweiger G., et al. Radiation Exposure of Patient and Operating Room Personnel by Fluoroscopy and Navigation during Spinal Surgery. Sci Rep. 2019; 9(1): 7652. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53472-z</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>20.	Hartl R., Lam K.S., Wang J., et al. Worldwide survey on the use of navigation in spine surgery. World Neurosurg. 2013; 79(1): 162-72. https://doi/org/10.1016/j.wneu.2012.03.011</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>21.	D'Souza M., Gendreau J., Feng A., et al. Robotic-Assisted Spine Surgery: History, Efficacy, Cost, And Future Trends. Robot Surg. 2019; (6): 9-23. https://doi.org/10.2147/RSRR.S190720</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>22.	Pan Y., Lu G.H., Kuang L., et al. Accuracy of thoracic pedicle screw placement in adolescent patients with severe spinal deformities: a retrospective study comparing drill guide template with free-hand technique. Eur Spine J. 2018; 27(2): 319-26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-017-5410-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>23.	Liu K, Zhang Q, Li X, et al. Preliminary application of a multilevel 3D printing drill guide template for pedicle screw placement in severe and rigid scoliosis. Eur Spine J. 2017; 26(6): 1684-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-016-4926-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>24.	Akazawa T., Kotani T., Sakuma T., et al. Evaluation of pedicle screw placement by pedicle channel grade in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: should we challenge narrow pedicles? J Orthop Sci. 2015; 20(5): 818-22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00776-015-0746-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>25.	Zhang Y., Xie J., Wang Y., et al. Thoracic pedicle classification determined by inner cortical width of pedicles on computed tomography images: its clinical significance for posterior vertebral column resection to treat rigid and severe spinal deformities-a retrospective review of cases. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2014; (15): 278. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-15-278</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>26.	Gao B., Gao W., Chen C., et al. What is the Difference in Morphologic Features of the Thoracic Pedicle Between Patients With Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis and Healthy Subjects? A CT-based Casecontrol Study. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2017; 475(11): 2765-74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-017-5448-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>27.	Sarwahi V., Sugarman E.P., Wollowick A.L., et al. Prevalence, Distribution, and Surgical Relevance of Abnormal Pedicles in Spines with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis vs. No Deformity: A CT-Based Study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014; 96(11): e92. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.M.01058</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>28.	Jeswani S., Drazin D., Hsieh J.C., et al. Instrumenting the small thoracic pedicle: the role of intraoperative computed tomography image-guided surgery. Neurosurg Focus. 2014; 36(3): E6. https://doi.org/10.3171/2014.1.FOCUS13527</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>29.	Fardy J.M, Barrett B.J. Evaluation of Diagnostic Tests. Parfrey P.S., Barrett B.J., eds. Clinical Epidemiology: Practice and Methods. New-York: Springer Science+Business Media, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2428-8_17</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
