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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Детская хирургия</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1560-9510</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-0677</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">806</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/ps806</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Foreign bodies in the gastrointestinal tract in children: algorithm of management and choice of instruments for endoscopic removal</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Инородные тела желудочно-кишечного тракта у детей: алгоритм ведения пациентов и выбор инструмента для эндоскопического удаления</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0178-2265</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2381-3024</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shavrov</surname><given-names>Anton A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шавров</surname><given-names>Антон Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>shavrovnczd@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8623-0947</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2535-1504</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Merkulova</surname><given-names>Anastasia O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Меркулова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Олеговна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anast.merkulova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3666-2674</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3455-9611</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shavrov</surname><given-names>Andrey A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шавров</surname><given-names>Андрей Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, проф.</p></bio><email>shavrovaa@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1940-1395</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8779-8960</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Morozov</surname><given-names>Dmitry A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Морозов</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Анатольевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, проф.</p></bio><email>damorozov@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6218-3605</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1251-5150</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kharitonova</surname><given-names>Anastasia Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Харитонова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>anastesia08@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6651-8249</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2527-4325</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ibragimov</surname><given-names>Sultanbek I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ибрагимов</surname><given-names>Султанбек Иманшапиевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>doc.sultan05@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1561-5510</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Frolov</surname><given-names>Egor A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фролов</surname><given-names>Егор Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>efrolov228@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Clinical and Research Institute of Emergency Pediatric Surgery and Trauma</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт неотложной детской хирургии и травматологии</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian National Research Medical University named after N.I. Pirogov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-10-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-11-11" publication-format="electronic"><day>11</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>5</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>440</fpage><lpage>451</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-05-30"><day>30</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-09-23"><day>23</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Shavrov A.A., Merkulova A.O., Shavrov A.A., Morozov D.A., Kharitonova A.Y., Ibragimov S.I., Frolov E.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Шавров А.А., Меркулова А.О., Шавров А.А., Морозов Д.А., Харитонова А.Ю., Ибрагимов С.И., Фролов Е.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shavrov A.A., Merkulova A.O., Shavrov A.A., Morozov D.A., Kharitonova A.Y., Ibragimov S.I., Frolov E.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шавров А.А., Меркулова А.О., Шавров А.А., Морозов Д.А., Харитонова А.Ю., Ибрагимов С.И., Фролов Е.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2025-11-11"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://jps-nmp.ru/jour/article/view/806">https://jps-nmp.ru/jour/article/view/806</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND<italic>:</italic></bold> A foreign body (FB) in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) may require either emergent removal or careful observation till its natural coming out. The effectiveness of endoscopic procedure (EP) in pediatrics depends on adequate medical knowledge and medical equipment. Not uncommon, endoscopists and surgeons from adult medical centers remove FB in children. Over the past decades, EP in the GIT has become the safest and most successful technique for FB diagnosis and removal.</p> <p>Up to now, there is no algorithm for managing and removing FB in children, or it does not always meet needs in clinical practice. To assess and choose the most optimal endoscopic equipment and instrumental accessories regarding child’s age, FB type and its harmful effects is still an important issue.</p> <p><bold>AIM<italic>:</italic></bold> To improve a management algorithm and selection of optimal equipment to ensure timely diagnostics and successful endoscopic removal of FBs from GIT in children.</p> <p><bold>METHODS<italic>:</italic></bold> A retrospective three-center analysis of children’s medical histories with suspected FBs in GIT from 2017 to 2020. The following parameters were analysed: clinical, X-ray and endoscopic diagnostic techniques depending on patient's age, FB location, its type and radiopacity, time before its removal, as well as type and effectiveness of endoscopic instrument, duration of endoscopic procedure, its effectiveness and complications, if any.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS<italic>:</italic></bold> 1173 children were taken in the study (boys <italic>n</italic>=676, girls <italic>n</italic>=497,) average age 3.5±3.3, (0–17 y.o.). FB diagnosis was confirmed in 1008 (100%) patients; endoscopy was performed in 756 (75%) cases; endoscopic removal — in 751 out of 756 cases. Surgeries were made to three children with giant trichobezoars and to two children with magnet objects which were complicated by perforation in one case and by intestinal obstruction in the other one. The performed retrospective analysis of children’s medical histories with suspected GIT FBs allowed to modify the algorithm of multidisciplinary approach to the management and endoscopic removal of swallowed objects. Examination by an ENT specialist and a pediatric surgeon was mandatory at the reception department. The pediatric surgeon formulated indications for X-ray examination in two projections. The confirmed fact of FB swallowing and X-ray findings could be indicators for CT scanning. After FB presence has been confirmed, the patient is jointly consulted by a pediatric surgeon, anesthesiologist and endoscopist so as to determine indications and time interval for removing a swallowed object endoscopically.</p> <p>Endoscopic instruments — net, rat tooth, forceps, loop and basket — turned out to be the most universal ones for removing four FB types, with the best average time of the procedure.</p> <p>There were no complications related to FB endoscopic removal.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION<italic>:</italic></bold> The proposed algorithm modification in child’s management and removal of GIT FB, the optimal choice of endoscopic equipment and manipulation accessories depending on patient’s age, FB location, type and its harm are key points to its successful and effective FB removal in children.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Инородное тело (ИТ) в пищеварительном тракте (ПТ) может потребовать экстренного удаления или внимательного мониторинга до выхода ИТ естественным путём. Эффективность эндоскопического исследования (ЭИ) у детей зависит от адекватных медицинских знаний, оснащённости оборудованием. Нередко с проблемой извлечения ИТ могут встречаться врачи-эндоскописты и хирурги взрослого регионального лечебного учреждения. В течение последних десятилетий ЭИ ПТ является наиболее безопасным и успешным методом диагностики и извлечения ИТ. До настоящего времени алгоритм ведения детей и удаления ИТ отсутствует или не всегда удовлетворяет потребностям клинической практики. Актуальным остаётся оценка выбора оптимального эндоскопического оборудования и инструментальных принадлежностей с учётом возраста детей, типа и вредоносного воздействия ИТ.</p> <p><bold>Цель.</bold> Совершенствование алгоритма ведения детей с ИТ ПТ и выбор оптимального оборудования для своевременной диагностики и успешного эндоскопического удаления ИТ.</p> <p><bold>Методы.</bold> Ретроспективное трёхцентровое исследование историй болезни детей с подозрением на ИТ ПТ, поступивших на лечение в 2017–2020 гг. Оценивались клинические, рентгенологические и эндоскопические методы исследования в зависимости от возраста пациента; наличия, локализации и разновидности ИТ; его рентгеноконтрастности; времени до удаления; типа и эффективности эндоскопического инструмента; продолжительности, успешности и осложнений ЭИ.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Обследованы 1173 ребёнка: 676 мальчиков и 497 девочек, средний возраст 3,5±3,3 года (0–17 лет). Диагноз «ИТ ПТ» подтверждён у 1008 (100%) пациентов, 756 (75%) выполнено ЭИ. Эндоскопическое удаление проведено у 751 ребёнка из 756: в 3 случаях хирургическим путём удалены трихобезоары, в 2 — магнитные ИТ, осложнившиеся в одном наблюдении перфорацией, в другом — кишечной непроходимостью.</p> <p>Ретроспективный анализ историй болезни детей с подозрением на ИТ ПТ позволил модифицировать алгоритм мультидисциплинарного подхода к ведению и эндоскопическому извлечению ИТ. На уровне приёмного отделения обязательным являлись осмотр врача-оториноларинголога и детского хирурга, который определял показания для рентгенологического исследования в двух проекциях. Установленный факт проглатывания предмета и его рентгенонегативные характеристики были основанием к проведению компьютерной томографии. Подтверждение наличия ИТ требовало совместного осмотра детского хирурга, анестезиолога и эндоскописта для определения показаний и временного промежутка ЭИ с последующим удалением ИТ.</p> <p>Эндоскопические инструменты «сачок», «крысиный зуб», «петля» и «корзина» оказались наиболее универсальными для удаления четырёх разновидностей ИТ, с наилучшими показателями среднего времени выполнения процедуры. Осложнений, связанных с извлечением ИТ не было.</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Предложенная модификация алгоритма ведения пациентов и удаления ИТ ПТ, оптимальный выбор эндоскопического оборудования и манипуляционных принадлежностей в зависимости от возраста ребёнка, локализации, типа и вредоносного воздействия ИТ являются залогом его успешного и эффективного извлечения у детей.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>endoscopy</kwd><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>foreign bodies</kwd><kwd>algorithm</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>эндоскопия</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>инородные тела</kwd><kwd>алгоритм</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shavrov АА (Jr.), Morozov DA, Shavrov AA, et al. Emergency gastrointestinal endoscopy in children. Clin Pract Pediatr. 2019;14(5):58–65. 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