<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Детская хирургия</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1560-9510</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-0677</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">809</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/ps809</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original Study Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The effectiveness of ultrafast urease tests in the diagnostics of <italic>Helicobacter pylori</italic>-associated gastritis in children</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Оценка эффективности сверхбыстрых уреазных тестов в диагностике гастрита, связанного с <italic>Helicobacter pylori</italic>, у детей</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0178-2265</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2381-3024</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shavrov</surname><given-names>Anton A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шавров</surname><given-names>Антон Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>shavrovnczd@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6218-3605</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1251-5150</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kharitonova</surname><given-names>Anastasia Y.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Харитонова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>anastesia08@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3666-2674</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3455-9611</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shavrov</surname><given-names>Andrey A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шавров</surname><given-names>Андрей Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, проф.</p></bio><email>shavrovaa@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6651-8249</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2527-4325</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ibragimov</surname><given-names>Sultanbek I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ибрагимов</surname><given-names>Султанбек Иманшапиевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>doc.sultan05@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1940-1395</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8779-8960</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Morozov</surname><given-names>Dmitriy A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Морозов</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Анатольевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, проф.</p></bio><email>damorozov@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5635-6100</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5150-0535</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tertychnyy</surname><given-names>Alexander S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тертычный</surname><given-names>Александр Семенович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, проф.</p></bio><email>atertychnyy@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8623-0947</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2535-1504</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Merkulova</surname><given-names>Anastasia O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Меркулова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Олеговна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>anast.merkulova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1561-5510</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4291-6995</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Frolov</surname><given-names>Egor A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фролов</surname><given-names>Егор Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><email>efrolov228@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The First Sechenov Moscow State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Clinical and Research Institute of Emergency Pediatric Surgery and Trauma</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт неотложной детской хирургии и травматологии</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The Russian National Research Medical University named after N.I. Pirogov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-12-02" publication-format="electronic"><day>02</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-12-19" publication-format="electronic"><day>19</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>560</fpage><lpage>567</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-05-31"><day>31</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-11-12"><day>12</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Shavrov A.A., Kharitonova A.Y., Shavrov A.A., Ibragimov S.I., Morozov D.A., Tertychnyy A.S., Merkulova A.O., Frolov E.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Шавров А.А., Харитонова А.Ю., Шавров А.А., Ибрагимов С.И., Морозов Д.А., Тертычный А.С., Меркулова А.О., Фролов Е.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shavrov A.A., Kharitonova A.Y., Shavrov A.A., Ibragimov S.I., Morozov D.A., Tertychnyy A.S., Merkulova A.O., Frolov E.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шавров А.А., Харитонова А.Ю., Шавров А.А., Ибрагимов С.И., Морозов Д.А., Тертычный А.С., Меркулова А.О., Фролов Е.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2025-12-19"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://jps-nmp.ru/jour/article/view/809">https://jps-nmp.ru/jour/article/view/809</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND</bold>: <italic>Helicobacter pylori</italic> is one of the main causes of gastritis, peptic ulcer and stomach cancer. Ultrafast urease tests (UUT) simplify patient’s management by obtaining results in 5 minutes and including them into the protocol of endoscopic examination. There is no information on UUT accuracy in pediatric population.</p> <p><bold>AIM</bold>: To identify UUT accuracy while comparing it with histological testings in children.</p> <p><bold>METHODS</bold>: a single-center retrospective trial included 4–18 y.o. children who underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy with biopsy of the gastric antrum mucosa for <italic>H. pylori</italic> UUT, followed by the histological testing. The researchers assessed the time for positive reaction which had been announced by manufactures as not more than 5 min. Histology was the "gold standard".</p> <p><bold>RESULTS</bold>: 211 patients 4–18 years old were examined (boys 103, 48.8%; girls 108, 51.2%) average age (11.7±3.5) years. <italic>H. pylori</italic> infection was detected in 31 out of 211 patients. There was a significantly higher number of positive reactions of both UUT’s in the age group of children from 11 to 18 years old compared with the group of children from 4 to 10 years old. The sensitivity of AMA RUT Pro UUT was 18.7%, specificity — 93.8%, negative and positive predictive value — 82 and 42%, respectively, accuracy — 79%. The sensitivity of the BioHit UFT300 UFUT was 40%, specificity — 96.5%, negative and positive predictive value — 92 and 60%, respectively, accuracy — 90%.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION</bold>: Our findings have demonstrated low sensitivity of ultrafast urease tests in children when using only a single fragment of tissue from the gastric antrum for the negative result during five-minute reaction time announced by the manufacturer. Maybe, the sensitivity level can be improved by placing several fragments from the mucous membrane of stomach body and antrum for one test. The authors suggest this direction as a possible future research.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование</bold>. <italic>Helicobacter pylori</italic> — одна из основных причин развития гастрита, язвенной болезни и рака желудка. Сверхбыстрые уреазные тесты (СБУТ) позволяют упростить ведение пациентов посредством получения результата спустя 5 мин с внесением его в протокол эндоскопического заключения. Данных о точности СБУТ в педиатрической популяции нет.</p> <p><bold>Цель</bold>. Выявить точность СБУТ у детей в сравнении с гистологическим исследованием.</p> <p><bold>Методы</bold>. Одноцентровое ретроспективное исследование с участием детей 4–18 лет, которым была выполнена эзофагогастродуоденоскопия с биопсией слизистой оболочки антрального отдела желудка для СБУТ на <italic>H. pylori</italic> с последующей отправкой на гистологическое исследование. Оценивалось заявленное производителями время реакции не более 5 мин на положительный результат. Гистология выступала в качестве «золотого стандарта».</p> <p><bold>Результаты</bold>. Обследовано 211 пациентов в возрасте от 4 до 18 лет: 103 (48,8%) — мальчики, 108 (51,2%) — девочки; средний возраст (11,7±3,5) лет. Инфекция <italic>H. pylori</italic> выявлена у 31 из 211 пациентов. Наблюдалось значительно большее количество положительных реакций обоих СБУТ в возрастной группе детей от 11 до 18 лет по сравнению с группой детей от 4 до 10 лет. Чувствительность СБУТ AMA RUT Pro составила 18,7%, специфичность — 93,8%, отрицательная и положительная прогностическая значимость — 82 и 42% соответственно, точность — 79%. Чувствительность СБУТ BioHit UFT300 составила 40%, специфичность — 96,5%, отрицательная и положительная прогностическая значимость — 92 и 60% соответственно, точность — 90%.</p> <p><bold>Заключение</bold>. Наши данные демонстрируют низкую чувствительность сверхбыстрых уреазных тестов у детей при использовании одного фрагмента ткани из антрального желудка за отведённое производителями времени реакции в 5 мин на отрицательный результат. Возможно, показатели чувствительности можно улучшить, помещая на один тест несколько фрагментов слизистой оболочки тела и антрального отдела желудка, что является направлением для будущих исследований.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>ultrafast urease tests</kwd><kwd>EGDS</kwd><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>Helicobacter pylori</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сверхбыстрые уреазные тесты</kwd><kwd>ЭГДС</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>Helicobacter pylori</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Queiroz DM, Carneiro JG, Braga-Neto MB, et al. Natural history of Helicobacter pylori infection in childhood: Eight-year follow-up cohort study in an urban community in northeast of Brazil. Helicobacter. 2012;17(1):23–29. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2011.00894.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Queiroz D.M., Carneiro J.G., Braga-Neto M.B., et al. Natural history of Helicobacter pylori infection in childhood: Eight-year follow-up cohort study in an urban community in northeast of Brazil // Helicobacter. 2012. Vol. 17, N 1. P. 23–29. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2011.00894.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shiotani A, Cen P, Graham DY. Eradication of gastric cancer is now both possible and practical. Semin Cancer Biol. 2013;23(6, Pt B):492–501. doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2013.07.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shiotani A., Cen P., Graham D.Y. Eradication of gastric cancer is now both possible and practical // Semin Cancer Biol. 2013. Vol. 23, N 6, Pt. B. P. 492–501. doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2013.07.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jones NL, Koletzko S, Goodman K, et al. Joint ESPGHAN/NASPGHAN guidelines for the management of Helicobacter pylori in children and adolescents (update 2016). J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017;64(6):991–1003. EDN: YFMPUI doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000001594</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jones N.L., Koletzko S., Goodman K., et al. Joint ESPGHAN/NASPGHAN guidelines for the management of Helicobacter pylori in children and adolescents (update 2016) // J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017. Vol. 64, N 6. P. 991–1003. EDN: YFMPUI doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000001594</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ozçay F, Koçak N, Temizel IN, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection in Turkish children: Comparison of diagnostic tests, evaluation of eradication rate, and changes in symptoms after eradication. Helicobacter. 2004;9(3):242–248. EDN: FOYFWT doi: 10.1111/j.1083-4389.2004.00230.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ozçay F., Koçak N., Temizel I.N., et al. Helicobacter pylori infection in Turkish children: Comparison of diagnostic tests, evaluation of eradication rate, and changes in symptoms after eradication // Helicobacter. 2004. Vol. 9, N 3. P. 242–248. EDN: FOYFWT doi: 10.1111/j.1083-4389.2004.00230.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malaty HM, El-Kasabany A, Graham DY, et al. Age at acquisition of Helicobacter pylori infection: A follow-up study from infancy to adulthood. Lancet. 2002;359(9310):931–935. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08025-X</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malaty H.M., El-Kasabany A., Graham D.Y., et al. Age at acquisition of Helicobacter pylori infection: A follow-up study from infancy to adulthood // Lancet. 2002. Vol. 359, N 9310. P. 931–935. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08025-X</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rhee KH, Youn HS, Baik SC, et al. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in Korea. J Korean Soc Microbiol. 1990;25:475–490.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rhee K.H., Youn H.S., Baik S.C., et al. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in Korea // J Korean Soc Microbiol. 1990. Vol. 25. P. 475–490.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cam S. Risk of gastric cancer in children with Helicobacter pylori infection. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15(22):9905–9908. doi: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.22.9905</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cam S. Risk of gastric cancer in children with Helicobacter pylori infection // Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014. Vol. 15, N 22. P. 9905–9908. doi: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.22.9905</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gold BD, Colletti RB, Abbott M, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection in children: Recommendations for diagnosis and treatment. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2000;31(5):490–497. doi: 10.1097/00005176-200011000-00007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gold B.D., Colletti R.B., Abbott M., et al. Helicobacter pylori infection in children: Recommendations for diagnosis and treatment // J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2000. Vol. 31, N 5. P. 490–497. doi: 10.1097/00005176-200011000-00007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shavrov AA, Kharitonova AYu, Shavrov AA, Morozov DA. Modern methods of endoscopic diagnostics and treatment for upper gastrointestinal tract diseases in pediatrics. Current Pediatrics. 2015;14(4):497–502. EDN: UIKOSJ doi: 10.15690/vsp.v14.i4.1389</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шавров А.А., Харитонова А.Ю., Шавров А.А., Морозов Д.А. Современные методы эндоскопической диагностики и лечения болезней верхнего отдела пищеварительного тракта у детей // Вопросы современной педиатрии. 2015. Т. 14, № 4. С. 497–502. EDN: UIKOSJ doi: 10.15690/vsp.v14.i4.1389</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wong A, Ching SS, Long AS. The use of a second biopsy from the gastric body for the detection of Helicobacter pylori using rapid urease test. Singapore Med J. 2014;55(12):644–647. EDN: VFQWOL doi: 10.11622/smedj.2014178</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wong A., Ching S.S., Long A.S. The use of a second biopsy from the gastric body for the detection of Helicobacter pylori using rapid urease test // Singapore Med J. 2014. Vol. 55, N 12. P. 644–647. EDN: VFQWOL doi: 10.11622/smedj.2014178</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aydin O, Egilmez R, Karabacak T, Kanik A. Interobserver variation in histopathological assessment of Helicobacter pylori gastritis. World J Gastroenterol. 2003;9(10):2232–2235. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v9.i10.2232</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aydin O., Egilmez R., Karabacak T., Kanik A. Interobserver variationin histopathological assessment of Helicobacter pylori gastritis // World J Gastroenterol. 2003. Vol. 9, N 10. P. 2232–2235. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v9.i10.2232</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Puetz T, Vakil N, Phadnis S, et al. The PyloriTek test and the CLO test: Accuracy and incremental cost analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997;92(2):254–257.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Puetz T., Vakil N., Phadnis S., et al. The PyloriTek test and the CLO test: Accuracy and incremental cost analysis // Am J Gastroenterol. 1997. Vol. 92, N 2. P. 254–257.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">AMA RUT Pro. H. pylori Rapid Urease Test in the course of gastroscopy [Интернет]. Saint Petersburg: Association of Medicine and Analytics [cited 2023 Nov 08]. Available from: https://www.amarut.pro/ru</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">AMA RUT Pro. Селективный уреазный тест для определения Helicobacter pylori [Интернет]. Санкт-Петербург: Ассоциация Медицины и Аналитики. Режим доступа: https://www.amarut.pro/ru. Дата обращения: 08.11.2024.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vaira D, Vakil N, Gatta L, et al. Accuracy of a new ultrafast rapid urease test to diagnose Helicobacter pylori infection in 1000 consecutive dyspeptic patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010;31(2):331–338. EDN: YVKDKV doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04196.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vaira D., Vakil N., Gatta L., et al. Accuracy of a new ultrafast rapid urease test to diagnose Helicobacter pylori infection in 1000 consecutive dyspeptic patients // Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010. Vol. 31, N 2. P. 331–338. EDN: YVKDKV doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04196.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seo JH, Park JS, Rhee KH, Youn HS. Limitations of urease test in diagnosis of pediatric Helicobacter pylori infection. World J Clin Pediatr. 2015;4(4):143–147. doi: 10.5409/wjcp.v4.i4.143</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Seo J.H., Park J.S., Rhee K.H., Youn H.S. Limitations of urease test in diagnosis of pediatric Helicobacter pylori infection // World J Clin Pediatr. 2015. Vol. 4, N 4. P. 143–147. doi: 10.5409/wjcp.v4.i4.143</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roma-Giannikou E, Roubani A, Sgouras DN, et al. Endoscopic tests for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in children: Validation of rapid urease test. Helicobacter. 2010;15(3):227–232. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2010.00756.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roma-Giannikou E., Roubani A., Sgouras D.N., et al. Endoscopic tests for the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in children: Validation of rapid urease test // Helicobacter. 2010. Vol. 15, N 3. P. 227–232. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2010.00756.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seo JH, Park JS, Yeom JS, et al. Correlation between positive rate and number of biopsy samples on urease test in childhood Helicobacter pylori infection. J Korean Med Sci. 2014;29(1):106–109. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2014.29.1.106</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Seo J.H., Park J.S., Yeom J.S., et al. Correlation between positive rate and number of biopsy samples on urease test in childhood Helicobacter pylori infection // J Korean Med Sci. 2014. Vol. 29, N 1. P. 106–109. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2014.29.1.106</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Carelli AP, Patrício FR, Kawakami E. Carditis is related to Helicobacter pylori infection in dyspeptic children and adolescents. Dig Liver Dis. 2007;39(2):117–121. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2006.10.012</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Carelli A.P., Patrício F.R., Kawakami E. Carditis is related to Helicobacter pylori infection in dyspeptic children and adolescents // Dig Liver Dis. 2007. Vol. 39, N 2. P. 117–121. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2006.10.012</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Woo JS, El-Zimaity HM, Genta RM, et al. The best gastric site for obtaining a positive rapid urea’s test. Helicobacter. 1996;1(4):256–259. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.1996.tb00048.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Woo J.S., El-Zimaity H.M., Genta R.M., et al. The best gastric site for obtaining a positive rapid urea’s test // Helicobacter. 1996. Vol. 1, N 4. P. 256–259. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.1996.tb00048.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moon SW, Kim TH, Kim HS, et al. United rapid urease test is superior than separate test in detecting Helicobacter pylori at the gastric antrum and body specimens. Clin Endosc. 2012;45(4):392–396. doi: 10.5946/ce.2012.45.4.392</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moon S.W., Kim T.H., Kim H.S., et al. United rapid urease test is superior than separate test in detecting Helicobacter pylori at the gastric antrum and body specimens // Clin Endosc. 2012. Vol. 45, N 4. P. 392–396. doi: 10.5946/ce.2012.45.4.392</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lan HC, Chen TS, Li AF, et al. Additional corpus biopsy enhances the detection of Helicobacter pylori infection in a background of gastritis with atrophy. BMC Gastroenterol. 2012;12:182. EDN: VFPMZB doi: 10.1186/1471-230X-12-182</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lan H.C., Chen T.S., Li A.F., et al. Additional corpus biopsy enhances the detection of Helicobacter pylori infection in a background of gastritis with atrophy // BMC Gastroenterol. 2012. Vol. 12. P. 182. EDN: VFPMZB doi: 10.1186/1471-230X-12-182</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Siddique I, Al-Mekhaizeem K, Alateeqi N, et al. Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori: Improving the sensitivity of CLOtest by increasing the number of gastric antral biopsies. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008;42(4):356–360. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e31802b650d</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Siddique I., Al-Mekhaizeem K., Alateeqi N., et al. Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori: Improving the sensitivity of CLOtest by increasing the number of gastric antral biopsies // J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008. Vol. 42, N 4. P. 356–360. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e31802b650d</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seo JH, Park JS, Yeom JS, et al. Correlation between positive rate and number of biopsy samples on urease test in child hood Helicobacter pylori infection. J Korean Med Sci. 2014;29(1):106–109. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2014.29.1.106</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Seo J.H., Park J.S., Yeom J.S., et al. Correlation between positive rate and number of biopsy samples on urease test in child hood Helicobacter pylori infection // J Korean Med Sci. 2014. Vol. 29, N 1. P. 106–109. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2014.29.1.106</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
