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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Детская хирургия</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1560-9510</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-0677</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">840</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/ps840</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">A syndrome of non-palpable testis: history and current state of art. Literature Review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Синдром непальпируемого яичка: история и современное состояние вопроса. Обзор литературы</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1802-6105</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2872-7908</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ekimov</surname><given-names>Mikhail N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Екимов</surname><given-names>Михаил Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Assistant Lecturer</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ассистент</p></bio><email>ekim1504@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9050-3629</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7466-8731</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsap</surname><given-names>Natalya A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цап</surname><given-names>Наталья Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><email>tsapna-ekat@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2966-2887</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9411-6025</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Komarova</surname><given-names>Svetlana Y.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Комарова</surname><given-names>Светлана Юрьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><email>urokom@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ural State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Уральский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Children's City Clinical Hospital No. 9, Yekaterinburg</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Детская городская клиническая больница №9, Екатеринбург</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-02-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-03-17" publication-format="electronic"><day>17</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>22</fpage><lpage>32</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-10-12"><day>12</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-02-11"><day>11</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-03-17"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://jps-nmp.ru/jour/article/view/840">https://jps-nmp.ru/jour/article/view/840</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>By to the domestic and foreign literature, non-palpable testes are found in 20% of cases among children with cryptorchidism. Approximately 50% of them are located in the abdominal cavity and 50% are atrophied or vanished ones. Purpose: To systematize data of the scientific literature on the syndrome of non-palpable testes in children. For the review, original articles found in the scientific source engines, such as eLibrary, PubMed, and Scopus, were used.</p> <p>Most often, literature sources divide non-palpable testes into three types: intra-abdominal, extra-abdominal, and non-viable. Extra-abdominal gonads are often of the normal volume, unlike intra-abdominal gonads which are mostly hypoplastic. Testicular ectopia is one of the variants of non-palpable testes when a testis cannot be detected on the usual migration path from the abdominal cavity. In children with cryptorchidism, testicular ectopia is observed only in 5% of cases, thus making it a rare case which poses certain challenges in diagnostics. There are many controversial issues regarding diagnostic methods and treatment strategies for different types of non-palpable testes in children. Most researchers recommend to use additional visualization options such as ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and laparoscopy to confirm the presence or absence of the gonad. However, a definitive diagnosis is not always possible when based solely on ultrasound findings, as this method has limited sensitivity and specificity in detecting non-palpable gonads. The current publications state that an intra-abdominal testis can be visualized during diagnostic laparoscopy in 49% of case in boys with the non-palpable testicular syndrome and with no gonad found at ultrasound examination. Management of non-palpable testes in children, especially with high intra-abdominal gonad location, remains a highly relevant issue and requires further researches and observations.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>По данным отечественной и зарубежной литературы непальпируемые яички (НЯ) встречаются у 20% детей с крипторхизмом. Из них примерно 50% расположены в брюшной полости и 50% — атрофированные или исчезнувшие яички. Цель нашего обзора — систематизация данных научной литературы по синдрому НЯ у детей. Обзор составлен из оригинальных статей, найденных в научных базах данных eLibrary, PubMed, Scopus.</p> <p>Чаще всего в литературе можно встретить деление НЯ на три типа: интраабдоминальное, экстраабдоминальное и нежизнеспособное. По степени гипоплазии экстраабдоминальные гонады чаще всего нормального объёма, интраабдоминальные в основном гипоплазированы. Эктопия яичка представляет собой один из вариантов НЯ, при котором оно не может быть обнаружено на обычном пути миграции из брюшной полости. У детей с крипторхизмом только в 5% случаев наблюдается эктопия яичек, что делает это состояние редким и создаёт определённые трудности при диагностике. Существует много дискуссионных вопросов о методах диагностики и тактике лечения при различных вариантах НЯ у детей. Большинство исследователей рекомендуют использование дополнительных методов визуализации, таких как ультразвуковое исследование, компьютерная томография, магнитно-резонансная томография и лапароскопия, для подтверждения наличия или отсутствия гонады. Однако окончательный диагноз не всегда можно установить только на основе результатов ультразвукового исследования, так как у этого метода имеется ограниченная чувствительность и специфичность при обнаружении непальпируемых гонад. По данным современных публикаций среди мальчиков с синдромом НЯ при отсутствии гонады по результатам ультразвукового исследования в 49% случаев во время выполнения диагностической лапароскопии удаётся визуализировать интраабдоминальное яичко. Проблема лечения НЯ у детей, особенно при высоком интраабдоминальном расположении гонады, остаётся максимально актуальной и требует дальнейших научных исследований и наблюдений.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>nonpalpable testes</kwd><kwd>abdominal cryptorchidism</kwd><kwd>children</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>непальпируемые яички</kwd><kwd>абдоминальный крипторхизм</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Leslie SW, Sajjad H, Villanueva CA. Cryptorchidism. In: StatPearls [Internet]. 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