<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Pediatric Surgery</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Детская хирургия</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">1560-9510</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2412-0677</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">932</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/ps932</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">YZJFIV</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Case reports</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Клинические случаи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Torsion of pedunculated hemangioma of the liver in an infant: case report and review of the literature</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Перекрут педикулярной гемангиомы печени у младенца: клинический случай и обзор литературы</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9418-4418</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7894-8369</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karaseva</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карасева</surname><given-names>Ольга Витальевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук</p></bio><email>karaseva.o@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6940-4535</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5237-8098</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Timofeeva</surname><given-names>Anna V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тимофеева</surname><given-names>Анна Вячеславовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>dr.timofeeva@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2910-3711</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2512-2351</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mel'nikov</surname><given-names>Ilia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мельников</surname><given-names>Илья Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>iliamed@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1746-8446</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7444-8233</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorelik</surname><given-names>Alexandr L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горелик</surname><given-names>Александр Львович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>GorelikAL1@zdrav.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5982-5494</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6716-9241</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Golikov</surname><given-names>Denis E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Голиков</surname><given-names>Денис Евгеньевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>den-izym@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7508-8524</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6230-8980</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bryantsev</surname><given-names>Alexandr V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Брянцев</surname><given-names>Александр Владимирович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><email>BryantsevAV@zdrav.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Clinical and Research Institute of Emergency Pediatric Surgery and Trauma ― Dr. Roshal's Clinic</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт неотложной детской хирургии и травматологии ― Клиника доктора Рошаля</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-06-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-07-06" publication-format="electronic"><day>06</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>124</fpage><lpage>135</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-05-04"><day>04</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-05-28"><day>28</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026,</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Эко-вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-07-06"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://jps-nmp.ru/jour/article/view/932">https://jps-nmp.ru/jour/article/view/932</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Liver hemangioma is the most common benign tumor of the liver. Most frequently presents as an asymptomatic mass that is found incidentally during imaging modalities. Giant hepatic hemangiomas are rare, but giant pedunculated hemangiomas are even rarer what makes their clinical and visual diagnosis challenging for surgeons. In the available literature, we found only one description of a giant pedunculated hemangioma without torsion in a newborn.</p> <p>A 2-month-old boy admitted with complaints on discomfort and stool retention. He was hospitalized with suspected intestinal intussusception. The diagnostic stage included laboratory tests, X-ray, ultrasound, spiral computed tomography of the abdomen with intravenous multiphase contrast. Upon admission severe anemia, hypoproteinemia, signs of paralytic ileus and a solid mass of ovoid shape with single pixels of blood flow in left subphrenic space between liver and the spleen were diagnosed. During diagnostic laparoscopy torsion and necrosis of the accessory spleen was suspected. Conversion to oblique laparotomy in left subcostal region was made. A mass lesion with signs of necrosis on thin torsioned peduncle coming from left lobe of the liver was seen. A peduncle was transected and the mass was removed. The postoperative diagnosis of torsion and necrosis of pedunculated liver hemangioma was confirmed by histological examination verifying hemangioma with total hemorrhagic necrosis and massive hemorrhages. Postoperative period was uneventful. The child was discharged on the 6th day after the operation.</p> <p>A case of a rare form of liver hemangioma, complicated by torsion, in an infant is presented. Despite the complex of examinations performed the cause of abdominal pain syndrome could only be diagnosed intraoperatively. In the available international literature, this is the first published case in the World of torsioned giant pedunculated liver hemangioma in an infant.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Гемангиома печени ― наиболее распространённое доброкачественное новообразование, поражающее печень. В большинстве случаев заболевание протекает бессимптомно и обнаруживается случайно при визуализирующих исследованиях. Гигантские гемангиомы печени встречаются редко, но гигантские гемангиомы на ножке встречаются ещё реже, что делает их клиническую и визуальную диагностику сложной задачей для хирурга. В доступной нам литературе мы нашли единственное описание гигантской педикулярной гемангиомы без перекрута у новорождённого.</p> <p>Приводим собственное наблюдение редкой формы гемангиомы печени у младенца, осложнённой перекрутом.</p> <p>Родители мальчика 2 месяцев жизни обратились в ГБУЗ НИИ НДХиТ-Клиника доктора Рошаля с жалобами на беспокойство и задержку стула. Ребёнок госпитализирован с подозрением на инвагинацию кишок. В диагностический ряд входили лабораторные обследования, рентгенография, ультразвуковое исследование и спиральная компьютерная томография брюшной полости с мультифазным контрастированием. При поступлении диагностированы анемия тяжёлой степени, гипопротеинемия, признаки динамической кишечной непроходимости, объёмное солидное образование без кровотока в левой поддиафрагмальной области между печенью и селезёнкой. При диагностической лапароскопии заподозрены перекрут и некроз добавочной селезёнки, что потребовало конверсии на лапаротомию в левом подреберье. Интраоперационно диагностировано объёмное образование с признаками некроза на тонкой перекрученной ножке, исходящее из левой доли печени. Образование удалено после пересечения ножки. Послеоперационный диагноз перекрута и некроза педикулярной гемангиомы печени был подтверждён гистологическим исследованием: верифицирована гемангиома с тотальным геморрагическим некрозом и обширными кровоизлияниями. Течение послеоперационного периода гладкое. Ребёнок выписан на шестые сутки после операции.</p> <p>В нашей работе представлен случай редкой формы гемангиомы печени у младенца, осложнённой перекрутом. Причину абдоминального синдрома удалось установить только интраоперационно. Представленное наблюдение является, по сути, первой публикацией клинического случая перекрута гигантской педикулярной гемангиомы у младенца в мировой литературе.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>infant</kwd><kwd>acute abdomen</kwd><kwd>pedunculated hemangioma</kwd><kwd>torsion</kwd><kwd>liver hemangioma</kwd><kwd>giant hemangioma</kwd><kwd>mass lesion</kwd><kwd>case report</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>младенец</kwd><kwd>острый живот</kwd><kwd>педикулярная гемангиома</kwd><kwd>перекрут</kwd><kwd>гемангиома печени</kwd><kwd>гигантская гемангиома</kwd><kwd>объёмное образование</kwd><kwd>клинический случай</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Powers C, Ros PR, Stoupis C, et al. Primary liver neoplasms: MR imaging with pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 1994;14(3):459–482. doi: 10.1148/radiographics.14.3.8066263</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Duxbury MS, Garden OJ. Giant haemangioma of the liver: observation or resection? Dig Surg. 2010;27(1):7–11. doi: 10.1159/000268108</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Castañeda Puicón L, Trujillo Loli Y, Campos Medina S. Torsion of a giant pedunculated liver hemangioma: case report. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2020;75:207–210. doi: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2020.09.077</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Acharya M, Panagiotopoulos N, Bhaskaran P, et al. Laparoscopic resection of a giant exophytic liver haemangioma with the laparoscopic Habib 4 × radiofrequency device. World J Gastrointest Surg. 2012;4(8):199–202. doi: 10.4240/wjgs.v4.i8.199</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Mocchegiani F, Vincenzi P, Coletta M, et al. Prevalence and clinical outcome of hepatic haemangioma with specific reference to the risk of rupture: a large retrospective cross-sectional study. Dig Liver Dis. 2016;48(3):309–314. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2015.09.016</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Adam YG, Huvos AG, Fortner JG. Giant hemangiomas of the liver. Ann Surg. 1970;172(2):239–245. doi: 10.1097/00000658-197008000-00010</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Sohn MH. Evaluation of hepatic hemangioma by Tc-99m red blood cell hepatic blood pool scan. Korean J Nucl Med. 2005;39:151–162.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Kochar R, Atiq M, Lee JH, et al. Giant hepatic hemangioma masquerading as a gastric subepithelial tumor. Gastroenterol Hepatol (NY). 2013;9(6):396–398.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Choi BI, Han MC, Park JH, et al. Giant cavernous hemangioma of the liver: CT and MR imaging in 10 cases. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1989;152(6):1221–1226. doi: 10.2214/ajr.152.6.1221</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>D’Ippolito G, Appezzato LF, Ribeiro AC, et al. Apresentações incomuns do hemangioma hepático: ensaio iconográfico. Radiol Brasileira. 2006;39(3):219–225. doi: 10.1590/S0100-39842006000300013</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Bajenaru N, Balaban V, Săvulescu F, et al. Hepatic hemangioma-review. J Med Life. 2015;8 Spec Issue(Spec Issue):4–11.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Di Carlo I, Koshy R, Al Mudares S, et al. Giant cavernous liver hemangiomas: is it the time to change the size categories? Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int. 2016;15(1):21–29. doi: 10.1016/s1499-3872(15)60035-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Mohsen AA, Ansari M. Giant pedunculated liver hemangioma torsion a rare clinical presentation, case report. Mathews J Case Rep. 2022;7(2):1–4. doi: 10.30654/MJCR.10072</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Liang RJ, Chen CH, Chang YC, et al. Pedunculated hepatic hemangioma: report of two cases. J Formos Med Assoc. 2002;101(6):437–441.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Ersoz F, Ozcan O, Toros AB, et al. Torsion of a giant pedunculated liver hemangioma mimicking acute appendicitis: a case report. World J Emerg Surg. 2010;5:2. doi: 10.1186/1749-7922-5-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang X, Zhou Z. Hepatic hemangioma masquerading as a tumor originating from the stomach. Oncol Lett. 2015;9(3):1406–1408. doi: 10.3892/ol.2015.2863</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Ha Ch. Pedunculated hepatic hemangiomas often misdiagnosed despite their typical findings. Open Surg J. 2013;7:1–5. doi: 10.2174/1874300501307010001</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Lüning M, Mühler A. CT diagnosis of pedunculated liver tumours. Eur J Radiol. 1988;8(4):221–225.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Bader TR, Braga L, Semelka RC. Exophytic benign tumors of the liver: appearance on MRI. Magn Reson Imaging. 2001;19(5):623–628. doi: 10.1016/s0730-725x(01)00384-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Ellis JV, Salazar JE, Gavant ML. Pedunculated hepatic hemangioma: an unusual cause for anteriorly displaced retroperitoneal fat. J Ultrasound Med. 1985;4(11):623–624. doi: 10.7863/jum.1985.4.11.623</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Tran-Minh VA, Gindre T, Pracros JP, et al. Volvulus of a pedunculated hemangioma of the liver. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1991;156(4):866–867. doi: 10.2214/ajr.156.4.2003458</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Almuawi A, Daboos M, Prasad R. Giant pedunculated hepatic hemangioma necessitating surgical excision in a neonate: a case report. J Neonatal Surg. 2020;9:15. doi: 10.1186/s12884-017</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Craig JR, Peters RL, Edmondson HA. Tumors of the liver and intrahepatic bile ducts. AFIP. 1988;26:64–75.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Koszka AJ, Ferreira FG, de Aquino CG, et al. Resection of a rapid-growing 40-cm giant liver hemangioma. World J Hepatol. 2010;2(7):292–294. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v2.i7.292</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Moon HK, Kim HS, Heo GM, et al. A case of pedunculated hepatic hemangioma mimicking submucosal tumor of the stomach. Korean J Hepatol. 2011;17(1):66–70. doi: 10.3350/kjhep.2011.17.1.66</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Al Farai A, Mescam L, De Luca V, et al. Giant pedunculated hepatic hemangioma: a case report and literature review. Case Rep Oncol. 2018;11(2):476–484. doi: 10.1159/000490696</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Guenot C, Haller C, Rosso R. Giant pedunculated cavernous hepatic haemangioma: a case report and review of the literature. (In French). Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 2004;28(8-9):807–810. doi: 10.1016/s0399-8320(04)95133-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Darzi A, Taheri H, Kamali Ahangar S, et al. Torsion of a giant pedunculated hemangioma of the liver presenting with acute abdomen: a case report. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2016;18(8):e38198. doi: 10.5812/ircmj.38198</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Bhatnagar A, Pathania OP, Champakam NS. Giant pedunculated haemangioma of the liver. Indian J Gastroenterol. 1987;6(1):51–52.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Lucaya J, Enriquez G, Amat L, Gonzalez-Rivero MA. Computed tomography of infantile hepatic hemangioendothelioma. Am J Roentgenol. 1985;144(4):821–826. doi: 10.2214/ajr.144.4.821</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Needleman L, Wechsler RJ, Kurtz AB. Ultrasound case of the day. Pedunculated retroperitoneal liver hemangioma. Radiographics. 1989;9(4):769–773. doi: 10.1148/radiographics.9.4.2667053</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Parikh VP, Iyer GN. Pedunculated hepatic hemangioma: CT findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1990;155(5):1137–1138. doi: 10.2214/ajr.155.5.2120954</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Liessi G, Sandini F, Spaliviero B, et al. Computerized tomography and ultrasonography in the study of pedunculated cavernous angioma of the liver. Description of 3 cases. (In Italian). Radiol Med. 1990;80(5):758–761.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Kumarakrishnan S, Gupta A, Srinivasan K, Gupta A. Pedunculated giant hemangioma of liver. Indian J Gastroenterol. 1997;16(1):35–36.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Maèkawa S, Mizutani Y, Terachi T, et al. A case of exophytic hepatic hemangioma mimicking adrenal tumor. Hinyokika Kiyo. 1997;43(2):123–126.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Srivastava DN, Sharma S, Yadav S, et al. Pedunculated hepatic haemangioma with arterioportal shunt: treated with angio-embolization and surgery. Australas Radiol. 1998;42(2):151–153. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1673.1998.tb00594.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Nishiyama Y, Yamamoto Y, Fukunaga K, et al. Pedunculated hepatic hemangioma identified on Tc-99m DTPA-HSA scintigraphy. Clin Nucl Med. 1999;24(2):133–134. doi: 10.1097/00003072-199902000-00018</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Tsai ChCh, Yen TCh, Tzen KYu. Pedunculated giant liver hemangioma mimicking a hypervascular gastric tumor on Tc-99m RBC spect. Clin Nucl Med. 1999;24(2):132–133. doi: 10.1097/00003072-199902000-00017</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Cortés-Blanco A, Martínez-Lázaro R. Bile duct stenosis seemingly caused by a giant pedunculated hemangioma with hypogastric growth. Clin Nucl Med. 2000;25(4):299–300. doi: 10.1097/00003072-200004000-00018</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Vilgrain V, Boulos L, Vullierme MP, et al. Imaging of atypical hemangiomas of the liver with pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2000;20(2):379–397. doi: 10.1148/radiographics.20.2.g00mc01379</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Kudara N, Chiba T, Andoh T. A case of hepatic hemangioma with pedunculated extrahepatic growth simulating submucosal tumor of the stomach. (In Japanese). Nippon Shokakibyo Gakkai Zasshi. 2004;101(3):293–299.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Kukuk GM, Hinterthaner M, Wilhelm K. Cavernous liver hemangioma. (In German). Rofo. 2004;176(6):902–903. doi: 10.1055/s-2004-812801</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Hosokawa A, Maeda T, Tateishi U, et al. Hepatic hemangioma presenting atypical radiologic findings: a case report. Radiat Med. 2005;23(5):371–375.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Leone N, Saettone S, De Paolis P, et al. Ectopic livers and related pathology: report of three cases of benign lesions. Dig Dis Sci. 2005;50(10):1818–1822. doi: 10.1007/s10620-005-2944-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Lanthaler M, Freund M, Nehoda H. Laparoscopic resection of a giant liver hemangioma. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2005;15(6):624–626. doi: 10.1089/lap.2005.15.624</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Masui T, Katayama M, Nakagawara M, et al. Exophytic giant cavernous hemangioma of the liver with growing tendency. Radiat Med. 2005;23(2):121–124.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Blondet A, Ridereau-Zins C, Michalak S, et al. Multiple pedunculated liver hemangiomas presenting with volvulus. J Radiol. 2007;88(6):891–894. doi: 10.1016/S0221-0363(07)89891-X</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Kim HJ, Lee DH, Lim JW, et al. Exophytic benign and malignant hepatic tumors: CT imaging features. Korean J Radiol. 2008;9(1):67–75. doi: 10.3348/kjr.2008.9.1.67</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Vivarelli M, Gazzotti F, D’Alessandro L, Pinna AD. Image of the month. Emergency presentation of a giant pedunculated liver haemangioma. Dig Liver Dis. 2010;42(6):456. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2008.12.096</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Karatzas T, Smirnis A, Dimitroulis D, et al. Giant pedunculated hepatocellular carcinoma with hemangioma mimicking intestinal obstruction. BMC Gastroenterol. 2011;11:99. doi: 10.1186/1471-230X-11-99</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Elhajjam M, Lahkim M, Al-Marzouqi KM, Lacombe P. Pedunculated hepatic hemangioma: a case report. Integr J Med Sci. 2014;1(1):26–28. doi: 10.15342/ijms.v1i1.11</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Vasudevan A, Ponniah I, Kaliyappa C. Laproscopic resection of a solitory pedunculated hepatic hemangioma. Acad J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;1(1):5–7.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Candido Pde C, Pereira IM, Matos BA, et al. Giant pedunculated hemangioma of the liver. Radiol Bras. 2016;49(1):57–58. doi: 10.1590/0100-3984.2014.0057</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Ibáñez VM, Zamora AS, Morote SC, et al. Pendulous hepatic hemangioma. Surgery. 2017;161(6):1735–1736. doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2016.02.036</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Melfa G, Coccorullo G, Raspanti C, et al. Laparoscopic treatment of a large pedunculated hemangioma of the liver: a case report. G Chir. 2016;37(4):162–166. doi: 10.11138/gchir/2016.37.4.162</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Aydin S, Fatihoğlu E, Ergun E, Koşar P. Pedunculated liver hemangioma mimicking stomach neoplasm. Eur Res J. 2018;4(2):118–121. doi: 10.18621/eurj.345069</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>Krishnan V, Bajaj SK, Sethy A, Gupta N. Atypical exophytic liver mass: giant pedunculated hepatic haemangioma masquerading as a gastrointestinal stromal tumour of the gastric wall. SA J Radiol. 2019;23(1):1697. doi: 10.4102/sajr.v23i1.1697</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>Kouki S, Helal I, Ben Lassoued M. Unusual cause of a left hypochondria pain: pedunculated giant haemangioma of the liver. BMJ Case Rep. 2019;12(8):e224349. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2018-224349</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>Bouknani N, Rami A, Kassimi M, Mahi M. Exophytic hepatic hemangioma: a case report. Radiol Case Rep. 2022;17(9):3367–3369. doi: 10.1016/j.radcr.2022.06.040</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>Jiang T, Zhao Z, Cai Z, et al. Case report: giant abdominal hemangioma originating from the liver. Front Oncol. 2023;13:1165195. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1165195</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation>Ait Si Abdessadeq J, Akhatar F, Bouktib Y, et al. Giant pedunculated hepatic hemangioma: a case report. Scholars J Med Case Rep. 2025;13(5):1118–1120. doi: 10.36347/sjmcr.2025.v13i05.091</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
