Vol 25, No 6 (2021)

Introduction. Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the most life-threatening conditions in the neonatal period. This disease is considered to be polyethiological one; however, the pattern of NEC pathogenesis is not clear yet. The aim of the present research is to study in details NEC risk factors and pathogenetic mechanisms in experiment.
Material and methods. NEC was induced in 28 rat pups (breed: Wistar). Newborn animals (21-day gestation age) were labored from three female rats aged 9-12 months. In the research, the experimental animals were induced: hypoxia, inadequate formula feeding and bacterial contamination. The observation period lasted for 96 hours; the obtained results were assessed by the following criteria: clinical symptoms, mortality, intraoperative findings, histological findings and microbiological spectrum.
Results. NEC clinical signs were seen both in subgroup 1A (animals had hypoxia and inadequate formula feeding) and in subgroup 1B (additionally, animals had microbial contamination). Clinical and morphological findings were more pronounced in subgroup 1B. Mortality in subgroup 1B was 50%. The histological picture in subgroup 1A corresponded to that of NEC stage 1A-2A and in subgroup 1B – to NEC stage 2B–3B (by Walsh and Kliegmann). In subgroup 1B, there was a massive intestinal colonization in the intestinal lumen.
Conclusion. Hypoxia and inadequate formula feeding are, as such, risk factors of necrotizing enterocolitis. Additionally, bacterial aggression significantly worsens the course of necrotizing enterocolitis and its prognosis. However, the lack of bacterial component does not rule out NEC onset in newborns.

Introduction. This article highlights the problem of thrombus formation in pediatric patients staying in ICU, namely, the problem of prevention and management of pulmonary embolism in children. Currently, there is a tendency to increasing pulmonary embolism occurrence in children, though there are no clear guidelines on the medicine dosage for the systemic thrombolytic therapy of pulmonary embolism in children and for the acute coronary syndrome in children with Kawasaki disease.
Clinical observations. The authors present two clinical cases from their practice when a successful management was obtained in children with life threatening thrombotic complications due to the applied systemic thrombolytic therapy.
Conclusion. The obtained success in the described clinical cases have resulted from a thorough analysis of ratios “risk-benefit” and “efficiency-safety”. But the authors conclude that further research work in this direction is still needed.

Purpose. To analyze outcomes after putting the mechanical intestinal anastomoses in neonates and infants.
Material and methods. Two independent experts had searched the material in two scientific literature database PubMed and Elibrary using the following terms “stapled anastomosis-механический анастомоз», «children-дети» and have found 134 articles published in English (131 articles ) and in Russian (3 articles). All included articles were retrospective treatment series. The researchers selected only those publications in which patients’ age was less than 1 year, and the number of patients was more than 5.
Results. Out of 134 articles found in the initial search, only 7 articles were deemed eligible for this systematic review, accounting for a total of 352 patients who had mechanical intestinal anastomoses before 1 year of age with more than 5 follow-ups. The largest trial included 106 patients, the smallest one – 7 patients. The average weight of patients included in the systematic review was 4.2 kg. The average age was 4.9 months. Most often, a mechanical intestinal anastomosis was put to close the preventive enterostomy (99); then, intestinal atresia (70), necrotizing enterocolitis and spontaneous intestinal perforation (65), intestinal intussusception (30). The average duration of surgery was 85.5 min. Anastomotic leakage was noted in 11 patients. Rectal bleeding was observed in 9 patients. Anastomotic stenosis was recorded in 3 patients. Mortality rate was 1.7%. Unfavorable outcomes were not associated with surgery, but were caused by generalized bacterial infection (sepsis).
Conclusion. Mechanical intestinal anastomoses can be used in newborns and infants. The effectiveness of staplers has been confirmed by the low level of postoperative complications.

Introduction. The earliest mention of total colonic aganglionosis, as the form of Hirschsprung’s disease, is dated 1926. According to various sources, total colonic aganglionosis is met approximately in 1 per 500 000 live births. Currently, the curative strategy in total colonic aganglionosis is strongly personalized. There are various surgical techniques for managing this severe congenital colon anomaly. Recent achievements in pediatric coloproctology have minimized the mortality rate in children with intestinal neuronal dysplasia and total colonic aganglionosis. However, despite of the evident progress in coloproctology, questions about the volume of reconstructive surgery in total colonic aganglionosis, application of “reservoir” surgical techniques so as to promote child’s further development and socialization are still unsolved.
Material and methods. The patient was successfully treated with a reservoir technique which included an ileo-transverse anastomosis by Martin-Kimur with the formed conduit pulled to the anterior abdominal wall. Then, a radical intervention was made which consisted of combined abdominoperineal transanal endorectal pull through (TEPT) of the ileo-transverse conduit/reservoir, of the resection of rudimentary colon and a coloanal anastomosis by Boley.
Conclusion. The obtained small intestine-colon reservoir in total aganglionosis allows to preserve motor function due to peristaltic movements of the small intestine wall and to prevent intestinal obstruction, thereby facilitating the physiological function of the intestine. In addition, the colon wall in the reservoir saves the area of absorbing surface and minimizes water-electrolyte disorders.

Introduction. It is known that hormonal and immune disorders are the background for endometriosis development. In children, ovarian endometriosis is extremely rare. Enucleation of an endometrioid cyst with preservation of healthy ovarian tissue is an enough surgical volume. However, torsion of adnexa in adolescence is quite an often pathology, and even in case of true ovarian tumor absence, it requires adnexectomy which, as a rule, finishes with uterine appendages removal.
A clinical observation. An 11-year-old girl with a history of early menarche was admitted to the surgical department with a clinical picture of twisted adnexa: acute abdominal pain combined with repeated vomiting. After gynecologist’s examination, a torsion of the left appendage was suspected; the patient was transferred to the gynecological department where ultrasound examination revealed a volumetric formation in the left ovary. Indications for emergency surgical treatment were outlined. Laparoscopy and left adnexectomy were performed. Histological examination revealed no necrotic changes in the uterine appendages, but an endometrioid cyst was found. On day 7, the patient was discharged from the hospital. The article presents a clinical observation of 11-year-old girl with twisted adnexa and an endometrioid cyst. To treat this pathology, the girl had laparoscopy and adnexectomy.
Conclusion. Immediate and correct diagnosis was put due to a typical clinical picture of twisted adnexa in a teenage girl. The volume of surgical intervention is unreasonably large. Early menarche should be considered as a marker of endometriosis in preclinical diagnostics of the disease so as to prevent urgent conditions and to preserve the reproductive potential. Unjustified ovariectomy during the formation of hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis in a teenager, with the initially unfavorable premorbid background, brings even greater aggravation of hormonal and immune disorders with the stress to homeostasis-regulating systems.

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